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Painting and the New Deal Art and Work on the Wpa

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New Deal relief plan to fund the visual arts

Federal Art Projection
Federal-Art-Project-Icon.jpg

Eagle and palette design regarded as the logo of the Federal Fine art Project
Agency overview
Formed 29 August 1935 (1935-08-29)
Dissolved 1943 (1943)
Jurisdiction United States
Headquarters Washington, D.C.
Bureau executive
  • Holger Cahill
Parent department Works Progress Administration (WPA)

The Federal Art Project (1935–1943) was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the U.s.a.. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was 1 of v Federal Projection Number One projects sponsored past the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the largest of the New Bargain art projects. It was created not every bit a cultural activity, but as a relief measure out to use artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic fine art, posters, photography, theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The WPA Federal Art Projection established more than than 100 community art centers throughout the country, researched and documented American blueprint, deputed a pregnant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some ten,000 artists and craft workers during the Not bad Depression.

Background [edit]

Affiche summarizing Federal Art Project employment and activities (November one, 1936)

The Federal Fine art Project was the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era WPA, a Federal One program. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, it operated from August 29, 1935, until June thirty, 1943. It was created as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photographs, Index of American Design documentation, museum and theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The Federal Art Project operated customs art centers throughout the land where craft workers and artists worked, exhibited, and educated others.[2] The project created more than 200,000 separate works, some of them remaining amongst the virtually meaning pieces of public fine art in the country.[3]

The Federal Art Project'southward primary goals were to employ out-of-work artists and to provide fine art for nonfederal municipal buildings and public spaces. Artists were paid $23.60 a week; tax-supported institutions such as schools, hospitals, and public buildings paid only for materials.[four] The piece of work was divided into art production, art instruction, and art research. The chief output of the art-enquiry grouping was the Index of American Design, a mammoth and comprehensive written report of American material culture.

Every bit many as ten,000 artists were commissioned to produce work for the WPA Federal Art Project,[5] the largest of the New Bargain art projects. Three comparable but distinctly divide New Bargain art projects were administered by the United States Department of the Treasury: the Public Works of Art Projection (1933–1934), the Section of Painting and Sculpture (1934–1943), and the Treasury Relief Art Project (1935–1938).[half-dozen]

The WPA program made no distinction between representational and nonrepresentational art. Brainchild had not yet gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s, so was virtually unsalable. As a result, the Federal Fine art Project supported such iconic artists equally Jackson Pollock before their work could earn them income.[7]

One detail success was the Milwaukee Handicraft Projection, which started in 1935 as an experiment that employed 900 people who were classified as unemployable due to their age or disability.[ane] : 164 The project came to employ about 5,000 unskilled workers, many of them women and the long-term unemployed. Historian John Gurda observed that the urban center's unemployment hovered at xl% in 1933. "In that yr," he said, "53 per centum of Milwaukee'south property taxes went unpaid because people just could not beget to brand the taxation payments."[8] Workers were taught bookbinding, block printing, and design, which they used to create handmade art books and children's books. They produced toys, dolls,[9] theatre costumes, quilts,[viii] rugs, draperies, wall hangings, and furniture that were purchased by schools, hospitals,[1] : 164 and municipal organizations[10] for the cost of materials merely.[11] In 2014, when the Museum of Wisconsin Art mounted an exhibition of items created by the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, article of furniture from information technology was all the same existence used at the Milwaukee Public Library.[eight]

Holger Cahill was national manager of the Federal Art Project. Other administrators included Audrey McMahon, director of the New York Region (New York, New Bailiwick of jersey, and Philadelphia); Cloudless B. Haupers, manager for Minnesota;[12] George Godfrey Thorp (Illinois), [thirteen] and Robert Bruce Inverarity, manager for Washington. Regional New York supervisors of the Federal Fine art Project have included sculptor William Ehrich (1897–1960) of the Buffalo Unit (1938–1939), project director of the Buffalo Zoo expansion.[14]

Notable artists [edit]

Some 10,000 artists were deputed to work for the Federal Art Project.[v] Notable artists include the post-obit:

  • William Abbenseth[15]
  • Berenice Abbott[16]
  • Ida York Abelman[1] : 178
  • Gertrude Abercrombie[17]
  • Benjamin Abramowitz[18]
  • Abe Ajay[xix]
  • Ivan Albright[1] : 161
  • Maxine Albro[twenty]
  • Charles Alston[21]
  • Harold Ambellan[22]
  • Luis Arenal[23]
  • Bruce Ariss[24]
  • Victor Arnautoff[25]
  • Sheva Ausubel[26]
  • Jozef Bakos[27]
  • Henry Bannarn[28]
  • Belle Baranceanu[29]
  • Patrociño Barela[thirty]
  • Will Barnet[31]
  • Richmond Barthé[32]
  • Herbert Bayer[1] : 195
  • William Baziotes[33]
  • Lester Beall[1] : 194
  • Harrison Begay[34]
  • Daisy Maud Bellis[35] [36]
  • Rainey Bennett[37] : 138
  • Aaron Berkman[38]
  • Leon Bibel[39]
  • Robert Blackburn[1] : 170
  • Arnold Blanch[37] : 153
  • Lucile Blanch[twoscore]
  • Lucienne Bloch[4]
  • Aaron Bohrod[37] : 144
  • Ilya Bolotowsky[41] [42]
  • Adele Brandeis[43]
  • Louise Brann[44]
  • Edgar Britton[37] : 138
  • Manuel Bromberg[45]
  • James Brooks[46] [47]
  • Selma Shush[48]
  • Letterio Calapai[49]
  • Samuel Cashwan[37] : 156
  • Giorgio Cavallon[50]
  • Daniel Celentano[51]
  • Dane Chanase[52]
  • Fay Chong[53]
  • Claude Clark[54]
  • Max Arthur Cohn[55]
  • Eldzier Cortor[56]
  • Arthur Covey[57]
  • Alfred D. Crimi[58]
  • Francis Criss[59]
  • Allan Crite[37] : 144
  • Robert Cronbach[22]
  • John Steuart Curry[57]
  • Philip Campbell Curtis[sixty]
  • James Daugherty[57]
  • Stuart Davis[61]
  • Adolf Dehn[62]
  • Willem de Kooning[1] : 186
  • Burgoyne Diller[63]
  • Isami Doi[64]
  • Mabel Dwight[one] : 180, 182
  • Ruth Egri[65]
  • Fritz Eichenberg[66]
  • Jacob Elshin[53]
  • George Pearse Ennis[67]
  • Angna Enters[68]
  • Philip Evergood[1] : 161, 174
  • Louis Ferstadt[69]
  • Alexander Finta[lxx]
  • Joseph Fleck[34]
  • Seymour Fogel[four] [37] : 138
  • Lily Furedi[71]
  • Todros Geller[72]
  • Aaron Gelman[57]
  • Eugenie Gershoy[73]
  • Enrico Glicenstein[74]
  • Vincent Glinsky[75]
  • Bertram Goodman[76]
  • Arshile Gorky[1] : 186
  • Harry Gottlieb[37] : 154
  • Blanche Grambs[37] : 154
  • Morris Graves[53]
  • Balcomb Greene[42]
  • Marion Greenwood[77]
  • Waylande Gregory[78]
  • Philip Guston[1] : 161
  • Irving Guyer[79]
  • Abraham Harriton[80]
  • Marsden Hartley[1] : 161
  • Knute Heldner[81]
  • August Henkel[82]
  • Ralf Henricksen[83]
  • Magnus Colcord Heurlin[57]
  • Hilaire Hiler[37] : 145
  • Louis Hirshman[84] [85]
  • Donal Hord[86]
  • Axel Horn[87]
  • Milton Horn[88]
  • Allan Houser[34]
  • Eitaro Ishigaki[89]
  • Edwin Boyd Johnson[37] : 140
  • Sargent Claude Johnson[90]
  • Tom Loftin Johnson[91]
  • William H. Johnson[92]
  • Leonard D. Jungwirth[56]
  • Reuben Kadish[93]
  • Sheffield Kagy[94]
  • Jacob Kainen[95]
  • David Karfunkle[96]
  • Leon Kelly[37] : 145
  • Paul Kelpe[42]
  • Troy Kinney[57]
  • Georgina Klitgaard[37] : 145
  • Gene Kloss[37] : 154
  • Karl Knaths[37] : 141, 146
  • Edwin B. Knutesen[97]
  • Lee Krasner[98]
  • Kalman Kubinyi[99]
  • Yasuo Kuniyoshi[37] : 154
  • Jacob Lawrence[i] : 161
  • Edward Laning[37] : 141
  • Michael Lantz[100]
  • Blanche Lazzell[37] : 154
  • Tom Lea[101]
  • Lawrence Lebduska[37] : 146
  • Joseph LeBoit[102]
  • William Robinson Leigh[34]
  • Julian E. Levi[37] : 146
  • Jack Levine[37] : 146
  • Monty Lewis[103]
  • Elba Lightfoot[104]
  • Abraham Lishinsky[37] : 141
  • Michael Loew[105]
  • Thomas Gaetano LoMedico[106]
  • Louis Lozowick[1] : 168, 171
  • Nan Lurie[37] : 155
  • Guy Maccoy[107]
  • Stanton Macdonald-Wright[108]
  • George McNeil[37] : 144
  • Moissaye Marans[109]
  • David Margolis[110]
  • Kyra Markham[37] : 155
  • Jack Markow][111]
  • Mercedes Thing[112]
  • January Matulka[37] : 144
  • Dina Melicov[113]
  • Hugh Mesibov[114]
  • Katherine Milhous[37] : 163
  • Jo Mora[115]
  • Helmuth Naumer[34]
  • Louise Nevelson[116]
  • James Michael Newell[117]
  • Spencer Baird Nichols[57]
  • Elizabeth Olds[118]
  • John Opper[119]
  • William C. Palmer[37] : 142 [120]
  • Phillip Pavia[57]
  • Irene Rice Pereira[121]
  • Jackson Pollock[122]
  • George Post[37] : 150
  • Gregorio Prestopino[37] : 147
  • Mac Raboy[123]
  • Anton Refregier[37] : 155
  • Ad Reinhardt[124]
  • Misha Reznikoff[37] : 147
  • Mischa Richter[57]
  • Diego Rivera[125]
  • José de Rivera[126]
  • Emanuel Glicen Romano[127]
  • Mark Rothko[ane] : 161
  • Alexander Rummler[57]
  • Augusta Fell[128] [129]
  • Concetta Scaravaglione[37] : 157
  • Louis Schanker[130]
  • Edwin Scheier[131]
  • Mary Scheier[131]
  • Carl Schmitt[57]
  • William Southward. Schwartz[37] : 147
  • Georgette Seabrooke[132]
  • Ben Shahn[133] [134]
  • William Howard Shuster[135]
  • Mitchell Siporin[136]
  • John French Sloan[5]
  • Joseph Solman[137]
  • William Sommer[37] : 151
  • Isaac Soyer[138]
  • Moses Soyer[1] : 161
  • Raphael Soyer[1] : 32
  • Ralph Stackpole[139]
  • Cesare Stea[140]
  • Walter Steinhart[57]
  • Joseph Stella[one] : 175
  • Harry Sternberg[ane] : 167
  • Sakari Suzuki[141]
  • Albert Swinden[42] [142]
  • Rufino Tamayo[37] : 151
  • Elizabeth Terrell[37] : 147
  • Lenore Thomas[ane] : 323
  • Dox Thrash[3] : 373
  • Mark Tobey[1] : 161 [53]
  • Harry Everett Townsend[57]
  • Edward Buk Ulreich[47]
  • Charles Umlauf[143]
  • Jacques Van Aalten[144]
  • Stuyvesant Van Veen[145]
  • Herman Volz[146]
  • Mark Voris[147]
  • John Augustus Walker[148]
  • Andrew Winter[v]
  • Jean Xceron[149]
  • Edgar Yaeger[150]
  • Bernard Zakheim[151] [152]
  • Karl Zerbe[37] : 148

[edit]

Jacksonville Negro Art Eye, Jacksonville, Florida

Affiche for the opening of the Mason City Fine art Center, Mason Urban center, Iowa (1941)

Grade at the Harlem Community Fine art Center (January 1, 1938)

Poster for the open up house of the Greensboro Art Heart, Greensboro, North Carolina (1937)

Curry County Art Center, Gold Beach, Oregon

The first federally sponsored community art center opened in December 1936 in Raleigh, Northward Carolina.[153]

State Metropolis Proper name Notes
Alabama Birmingham Extension fine art gallery[3] : 441
Alabama Birmingham Healey School Fine art Gallery [iii] : 441
Alabama Mobile Mobile Fine art Heart, Public Library Edifice [3] : 441
Arizona Phoenix Phoenix Art Eye [3] : 441
District of Columbia Washington, D.C. Children'south Fine art Gallery [3] : 441
Florida Bradenton Bradenton Fine art Middle [3] : 441
Florida Coral Gables Coral Gables Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 441
Florida Daytona Beach Daytona Beach Art Center [iii] : 441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Art Center [3] : 441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Beach Art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[3] : 441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Negro Fine art Center Extension art gallery[iii] : 441 [154]
Florida Key West Cardinal West Community Art Eye [3] : 441
Florida Miami Miami Art Heart [iii] : 441
Florida Milton Milton Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 441
Florida New Smyrna Beach New Smyrna Beach Art Centre [three] : 441
Florida Ocala Ocala Art Center [3] : 441
Florida Pensacola Pensacola Art Center [3] : 441
Florida Leningrad Jordan Park Negro Exhibition Center [3] : 441
Florida Saint petersburg Saint petersburg Art Middle [3] : 442
Florida St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Civic Exhibition Middle [3] : 442
Florida Tampa Tampa Fine art Center [3] : 442
Florida Tampa Due west Tampa Negro Art Gallery [3] : 442
Illinois Chicago Hyde Park Art Heart [3] : 442
Illinois Chicago South Side Customs Art Center [3] : 442
Iowa Bricklayer City Mason City Fine art Heart [3] : 442
Iowa Ottumwa Ottumwa Fine art Middle [three] : 442
Iowa Sioux Metropolis Sioux Urban center Art Center [iii] : 442
Kansas Topeka Topeka Art Center [iii] : 442
Minnesota Minneapolis Walker Art Center [3] : 442 [155]
Mississippi Greenville Delta Art Center [3] : 442
Mississippi Oxford Oxford Art Center [3] : 442 [156]
Mississippi Sunflower Sunflower Canton Art Middle [three] : 442
Missouri St. Louis The People'south Art Center [3] : 442
Montana Butte Butte Art Center [3] : 442
Montana Great Falls Great Falls Art Heart [3] : 442
New Mexico Gallup Gallup Art Center [3] : 443 [34]
New United mexican states Melrose Melrose Art Center [iii] : 443
New United mexican states Roswell Roswell Museum and Art Center [3] : 443
New York City Brooklyn Brooklyn Community Art Middle [3] : 443
New York City Manhattan Contemporary Fine art Centre [3] : 443 [157]
New York City Harlem Harlem Community Fine art Eye [3] : 443
New York City Flushing, Queens Queensboro Community Art Center [3] : 443
Northward Carolina Cary Cary Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro Fine art Center [153]
North Carolina Greenville Greenville Art Gallery [3] : 443
North Carolina Raleigh Crosby-Garfield School Extension art gallery[3] : 443
North Carolina Raleigh Needham B. Broughton High School Extension fine art gallery[iii] : 443
North Carolina Raleigh Raleigh Art Center [3] : 444
N Carolina Wilmington Wilmington Art Centre [three] : 443
Oklahoma Bristow Bristow Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Claremore Claremore Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Claremore Will Rogers Public Library Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Clinton Clinton Art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Cushing Cushing Fine art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Edmond Edmond Art Gallery Extension art gallery[three] : 443
Oklahoma Marlow Marlow Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oklahoma Fine art Center [three] : 443
Oklahoma Okmulgee Okmulgee Art Center Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Sapulpa Sapulpa Fine art Gallery Extension art gallery[iii] : 443
Oklahoma Shawnee Shawnee Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 443
Oklahoma Skiatook Skiatook Fine art Gallery Extension art gallery[three] : 443
Oregon Gold Beach Curry County Art Center [3] : 444
Oregon La Grande Grande Ronde Valley Art Eye [3] : 444
Oregon Salem Salem Fine art Middle [3] : 444
Pennsylvania Somerset Somerset Fine art Center [three] : 444
Tennessee Chattanooga Hamilton County Fine art Middle [3] : 444
Tennessee Memphis LeMoyne Art Eye [3] : 444
Tennessee Nashville Peabody Fine art Center [3] : 444
Tennessee Norris Anderson County Fine art Center [three] : 444
Utah Cedar City Cedar City Art Exhibition Association Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Utah Helper Helper Community Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Utah Toll Price Customs Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Utah Provo Provo Community Gallery Extension art gallery[iii] : 444
Utah Salt Lake Urban center Utah State Art Center [3] : 444
Virginia Altavista Altavista Extension Gallery Extension art gallery[iii] : 445
Virginia Big Stone Gap Big Stone Gap Art Gallery [3] : 444
Virginia Lynchburg Lynchburg Art Gallery [3] : 444
Virginia Richmond Children's Fine art Gallery [iii] : 444
Virginia Saluda Middlesex County Museum Extension fine art gallery[3] : 444
Washington Chehalis Lewis County Exhibition Center Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Washington Pullman Washington State College Extension art gallery[3] : 444
Washington Spokane Spokane Art Center [3] : 444 [158]
West Virginia Morgantown Morgantown Art Center [3] : 445
W Virginia Parkersburg Parkersburg Art Eye [3] : 445
Westward Virginia Scotts Run Scotts Run Art Gallery Extension art gallery[three] : 445
Wyoming Casper Casper Fine art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Lander Lander Art Gallery Extension art gallery[iii] : 445
Wyoming Laramie Laramie Art Center [three] : 445
Wyoming Newcastle Lander Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Rawlins Rawlins Art Gallery Extension art gallery[iii] : 445
Wyoming Riverton Riverton Art Gallery Extension art gallery[iii] : 445
Wyoming Rock Springs Rock Springs Art Gallery Extension art gallery[three] : 445
Wyoming Sheridan Sheridan Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3] : 445
Wyoming Torrington Torrington Art Gallery Extension fine art gallery[3] : 445

Index of American Pattern [edit]

Federal Fine art Project Illinois poster for an exhibition of the Index of American Design

As we study the drawings of the Alphabetize of American Design nosotros realize that the hands that made the first two hundred years of this country's fabric culture expressed something more untutored artistic instinct and the rude vigor of a frontier civilization. … The Index, in bringing together thousands of particulars from various sections of the state, tells the story of American hand skills and traces intelligible patterns within that story.

—Holger Cahill, national managing director of the Federal Art Project[159] : 15


The Alphabetize of American Blueprint programme of the Federal Fine art Projection produced a pictorial survey of the crafts and decorative arts of the Us from the early colonial period to 1900. Artists working for the Alphabetize produced nearly 18,000 meticulously faithful watercolor drawings,[ane] : 226 documenting material civilization by largely anonymous artisans.[159] : ix Objects range from article of furniture, silver, drinking glass, stoneware and textiles to tavern signs, ships's figureheads, cigar-store figures, carousel horses, toys, tools and weather vanes.[1] : 224 [160] Photography was used only to a limited degree since artists could more accurately and effectively present the form, graphic symbol, color and texture of the objects. The best drawings approach the work of such 19th-century trompe-50'œil painters as William Harnett; bottom works represent the process of artists who were given employment and expert training.[159] : xiv

"It was not a nostalgic or antiquarian enterprise," wrote historian Roger G. Kennedy. "It was initiated by modernists dedicated to abstract design, hoping to influence industrial design — thus in many ways it parallelled the founding philosophy of the Museum of Modern Art in New York."[1] : 224

Like all WPA programs, the Index had the primary purpose of providing employment.[161] Its part was to identify and tape cloth of historical significance that had non been studied and was in danger of being lost. Its aim was to gather together these pictorial records into a torso of material that would class the basis for organic development of American design — a usable American past accessible to artists, designers, manufacturers, museums, libraries and schools. The United States had no unmarried comprehensive drove of authenticated historical native design comparable to those available to scholars, artists and industrial designers in Europe.[162]

"In i sense the Index is a kind of archaeology," wrote Holger Cahill. "It helps to correct a bias which has tended to relegate the work of the craftsman and the folk artist to the subconscious of our history where it can be recovered only past digging. In the past we have lost whole sequences out of their story, and accept all just forgotten the unique contribution of hand skills in our culture."[159] : xv

The Index of American Design operated in 34 states and the District of Columbia from 1935 to 1942. It was founded by Romana Javitz, caput of the Picture Collection of the New York Public Library, and textile designer Ruth Reeves.[1] : 224 Reeves was appointed the start national coordinator; she was succeeded by C. Adolph Glassgold (1936) and Benjamin Knotts (1940). Constance Rourke was national editor.[159] : xii The work is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.[163]

The Alphabetize employed an boilerplate of 300 artists during its six years in performance.[159] : fourteen One artist was Magnus S. Fossum, a longtime farmer who was compelled by the Depression to move from the Midwest to Florida. After he lost his left hand in an accident in 1934, he produced watercolor renderings for the Alphabetize, using magnifiers and drafting instruments for accurateness and precision. Fossum eventually received an insurance settlement that fabricated it possible for him to buy another farm and leave the Federal Art Project.[ane] : 228

In her essay,'Picturing a Usable By,' Virginia Tuttle Clayton, curator of the 2002-2003 exhibition, Drawing on America'due south Past: Folk Art, Modernism, and the Index of American Blueprint, held at the National Gallery of Art noted that "the Index of American Blueprint was the result of an ambitious and artistic effort to furnish for the visual arts a usable past."[164]

  • church of sanctuario at chimayo-console from reredos

  • Fly Catcher, 1937.Frank McEntee - National Gallery of Art.

  • Magnus Fossum copying the 1770 Boston Town Coverlet (February 1940)

  • Boston Town Coverlet
    Magnus Fossum (1935–1942)

  • Poke Bonnet,Irene Lawson. Index of American Design.National Gallery of Art

  • Daguerreotype Case Alphabetize of American Design

  • "Historic period of Knightly" Circus Wagon, c. 1938

  • Noah's Ark with animals-Sunday toy

WPA Art Recovery Project [edit]

External video
Sixthaveatfourteenth FAP John Sloan.jpg
video icon Returning America's Fine art to America, Full general Services Administration[165]

Hundreds of thousands of artworks were commissioned under the Federal Fine art Project.[5] Many of the portable works have been lost, abandoned, or given away as unauthorized gifts. Every bit custodian of the work, which remains federal property, the Full general Services Administration (GSA) maintains an inventory[166] and works with the FBI and fine art community to place and recover WPA art.[167] In 2010, it produced a 22-minute documentary about the WPA Art Recovery Project, "Returning America's Art to America", narrated by Charles Osgood.[168]

In July 2014, the GSA estimated that simply 20,000 of the portable works have been located to date.[166] [169] In 2015, GSA investigators found 122 Federal Art Project paintings in California libraries, where most had been stored and forgotten.[170]

See also [edit]

  • Listing of Federal Art Projection artists
  • Section of Painting and Sculpture
  • Public Works of Art Projection
  • Farm Security Administration which employed photographers.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d east f m h i j k l m due north o p q r s t u 5 w x y z aa ab Kennedy, Roger G.; Larkin, David (2009). When Art Worked: The New Deal, Art, and Democracy. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. ISBN978-0-8478-3089-3.
  2. ^ "Employment and Activities affiche for the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936". Athenaeum of American Fine art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-sixteen .
  3. ^ a b c d e f 1000 h i j k l g due north o p q r s t u 5 w ten y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar every bit at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq Kalfatovic, Martin R. (1994). The New Deal Fine Arts Projects: A Bibliography, 1933–1992. Metuchen, North.J.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN0-8108-2749-2 . Retrieved 2015-06-17 .
  4. ^ a b c Brenner, Anita (Apr 10, 1938). "America Creates American Murals". The New York Times . Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  5. ^ a b c d east Naylor, Brian (April 16, 2014). "New Deal Treasure: Government Searches For Long-Lost Art". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2015-06-13 .
  6. ^ "New Deal Artwork: GSA'southward Inventory Project". General Services Administration. Retrieved 2015-06-sixteen .
  7. ^ Atkins, Robert (1993). ArtSpoke: A Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1848-1944. Abbeville Printing. ISBN 978-1-55859-388-6.
  8. ^ a b c Whaley, K. P. (April 30, 2014). "Depression-Era Milwaukee Handicraft Projection Put Thousands of People to Work". The Kathleen Dunn Show. Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  9. ^ "WPA – Milwaukee Handicraft Project". Museum of Wisconsin Art. Retrieved 2015-eleven-29 .
  10. ^ Roosevelt, Eleanor (November xiii, 1936). "My Twenty-four hour period". Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. The George Washington Academy. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  11. ^ "WPA Milwaukee Handicraft Project". School of Continuing Education, Employment and Grooming Establish. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  12. ^ "WPA Fine art Project". Library. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  13. ^ Smithsonian. Archives of American Fine art. George Godfrey Thorp papers, 1941–1970
  14. ^ Ehrich, Nancy and Roger. "William Ernst Ehrich Biography". Retrieved 17 Baronial 2018.
  15. ^ "Oral history interview with William Abbenseth". Athenaeum of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Nov 23, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  16. ^ "Background". Changing New York. New York Public Library. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  17. ^ "Gertrude Abercrombie papers". Athenaeum of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-11 .
  18. ^ "The Artist and His Life". The Artwork of Benjamin Abramowitz (1917–2011). Southward.A. Rosenbaum & Associates. Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2015-06-sixteen .
  19. ^ "Abe Ajay, Industry". The Drove Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22 .
  20. ^ "Oral history interview with Maxine Albro and Parker Hall". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Establishment. July 27, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-16 .
  21. ^ "Oral history interview with Charles Henry Alston". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Establishment. September 28, 1965. Retrieved 2015-06-xvi .
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Further reading [edit]

  • DeNoon, Christopher. Posters of the WPA (Los Angeles: Wheatley Press, 1987).
  • Grieve, Victoria. The Federal Art Project and the Creation of Middlebrow Culture (2009) excerpt
  • Kennedy, Roger G.; David Larkin (2009). When art worked. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN978-0-8478-3089-3.
  • Kelly, Andrew, Kentucky by Pattern: American Civilisation, the Decorative Arts and the Federal Art Project's Index of American Design, University Press of Kentucky, 2015, ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-8
  • Russo, Jillian. "The Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project Reconsidered." Visual Resource 34.1-ii (2018): thirteen-32.

External links [edit]

  • The Living New Deal inquiry project and online public archive at the Academy of California, Berkeley
  • Recovering America's Art for America (2010), General Services Assistants short documentary about efforts to recover WPA fine art
  • Posters for the People, online archive of WPA posters
  • WPA Posters drove at the Library of Congress
  • New Deal Art Registry
  • wpamurals.com – links to each state, with examples of WPA art in each
  • Federal Fine art Projection Photographic Sectionalization collection at the Smithsonian Athenaeum of American Art
  • "1934: A New Deal for Artists" Exhibition at the Smithsonian American Art Museum
  • "Art Inside Achieve": Federal Art Project Community Art Centers at George Stonemason University
  • WPA Murals and American Abstract Artists at American Abstract Artists
  • WPA Prints and Murals in New York
  • Collection: "Art of the Works Progress Administration WPA" from the University of Michigan Museum of Art

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Art_Project

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